Mauritius, Social Housing Social Movement and Low Income Housing in Mauritius free essay sample

Social Housing Social Movement and Low Income Housing in Mauritius Abstract: The Republic of Mauritius has been a model example of overcoming adversity in both monetary and social advancement among both the African countries and the entire world. In spite of numerous chances, the nation has gained colossal financial ground and has prevailing simultaneously to elevate essentially the expectations for everyday comforts of the populace when all is said in done. This paper gives a diagram of the matter of the low-pay lodging in Mauritius. The initial segment of the paper gives the efficient foundation and the advancement of the social development in Mauritius. The subsequent part presents the present lodging conditions and the circumstance of destitution and low-pay bunches in Mauritius. At last the methodology of social lodging is talked about. The Mauritius social lodging procedure is talked about as far as the adjustments in the institutional structure, and approaches. At that point the sorts of social lodging and their financing are presented. We will compose a custom article test on Mauritius, Social Housing: Social Movement and Low Income Housing in Mauritius or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Catchphrases: Mauritius; Welfare State; Social Housing; Low Income Households AUTAR Bhotish Awtar | Matric No: 2011280122 | Masters Candidate Tsinghua University | School of Architecture | Department of Urban Planning Please present any input to [emailprotected] om Submitted to: |[emailprotected] tsinghua. edu. cn | Submission date: seventeenth June 2012 Introduction At freedom, Mauritius didn't seem fated for the advancement that followed. Difficulties included: outrageous social assorted variety just as racial disparity; power packed in a little tip top (of French British pilgrim relatives); high joblessness; and high populace development. The nation experienced a monetary emergency all through the 1970s, was remote from world markets and was item needy. It additionally displayed low beginning degrees of human turn of events. Nobel Laureate for Economics, James Meade even said in 1961, as cited beneath: â€Å"It will be an extraordinary accomplishment if Mauritius can discover gainful work for its populace without a genuine decrease in the current way of life The viewpoint for serene improvement is poor† Despite numerous elements stacked against it, Mauritius has accomplished heavenly advancement in financial conditions, and has been exceptional in its capacity to exploit favored access to universal markets to create in a supported and impartial way. This has been empowered and supplemented by successful neediness decrease and evenhanded upgrades in human turn of events. These accomplishments have been made by methods for: a deliberate procedure of country building; solid and comprehensive organizations; significant levels of evenhanded open interest in human turn of events; and a down to earth improvement methodology (Vandemoortele, 2010). This accomplishment despite seemingly insurmountable opposition was begat as the ‘Mauritian Miracle’. In freedom year of 1968, the country’s GDP per capita was US$ 2601, and in 2010, the figure rose to around US$ 14,0002 out of 2010. Nearly, in 2010 the normal GNI per capita (PPP) for Sub-Saharan Africa remained at 2,1083. During a similar time of 1968 to 2010, populace rose from 787,000 to 1,281,0004. In 2011, a hope of life of 73 years5 during childbirth and the nation had a Human Development Index (HDI) score of 7. 26, contrasted and a normal of 4. 6 in the Sub-Saharan African locale. The nation was additionally positioned most noteworthy on the Earth Institute’s World Happiness Index among the Sub-Saharan African countries7, deserting Botswana and South Africa, other local monetary bosses. Communist development in Mauritius is a government assistance state. It has a far reaching government disability framework for the entire populace and different other social insurance plans. Instruction is liberated from essential to college level, with 1 2 Source: IFAD, 2005 For 2010, GDP per capita (PPP) of US$ 14,194, as per IMF, 2011 World Economic Outlook, and GNI per capital (PPP) of 13,960 (units International Dollar) as per World Bank, 2011 3 (units International Dollar) as indicated by World Bank, 2011 4 Figures for populace for Republic of Mauritius is from different open source, for example, Mauritius CSO, World Bank and other online open information sources. Source: UN Statistics, from WorldBank. organization 6 Source: http://hdr. undp. organization 7 Mauritius Ranking 64th out of 156 nations with 5. 5 focuses, on a 0-10 scale, 0 being amazingly miserable and 10 being very glad mandatory instruction up to age of 16. Human services including tertiary consideration, similar to heart medical procedure) is additionally free. Fundamental staple s (rice and flour) just as lodging for lower center pay bunch are intensely financed. Pay support is furnished to family unit with low pay. The legislature gives nnual awards to various NGOs that provide food for the particular needs of disabled people and powerless gatherings (Deerpalsingh, 2011). There are additionally value controls on some different items, for example, concrete, oil based commodities, bread, onions and palatable oils. The state assumes a key job in social government assistance and security. Truth be told, consumption on network and social administrations pulls in the biggest portion of absolute government use. The rate out of all out government consumption spent on wellbeing, instruction, standardized savings and government assistance, and lodging, over the period 1980 to 1988 found the middle value of 43% and by 1999 was as high as 52%. Special access to business sectors in the European Union and the USA has encouraged this solid government assistance state (Bundoo, 2006) The development of an extensive government assistance state in Mauritius didn't rise out of a smooth and consistent procedure. Every one of the three scenes of government assistance change the conventional presentation of noncontributory mature age benefits in 1950, family recompenses in 1962 and social protection in 1976-1978, were a result of significant stretches of consideration and dawdling from the pilgrim authorities (Phaahla, 2000). It took revolts by disorderly sugar bequest laborers in the late 1930’s and solid worker's guilds today, to acquire and keep up an especially communist condition in the nation, in spite of, an extremely open and industrialist showcase economy in Mauritius, it has been prevailing to safeguard an extensive work security and advantage to the laborers. In the more current occasions, the social development is legitimately identified with the popularity based legislative framework. Around like clockwork general decisions are held, and the public’s casting a ballot of a specific gathering is touchy to the financial and social states of the nation. In numerous occasions in the history, after freedom, the legislature has been ‘overthrown’ out of office, as approval casting a ballot by the populace, because of awful financial and social exhibitions. The most well known model, would maybe in the 1982, decisions when the legislature in office, with the ‘father of the nation’ as the leader of the nation, confronted the more terrible conceivable annihilation. This was on the grounds that the joblessness and other monetary and social pointers were all in the red. As far as social administrations, Mauritius has been rehearsing a s ‘five pillar’ model as upheld by the World Bank in a report in 2005. In any case, it is important that the five-column framework in Mauritius was finished as far back as 1994. In this way, Mauritius had just been executing the social model for a long time (Deerpalsingh, 2011). Giving conventional asylum to low-pay bunches has been another significant social need of the legislature. Despite the rising cost of leased convenience, the legislature started ventures for the development of common laborers pads in various pieces of the nation. The National Housing Improvement Corporation (NHDC) was set up so as to assist enormous scope development of minimal effort lodging. House proprietorship developed from 66 percent in 1983 to very nearly 93 percent in 20018. Current Housing Conditions To comprehend the entrance to lodging to the low salary family unit, it is critical to comprehend the general lodging state of the Mauritian. This aides in clarifying the proprietorship arrangements and lodging types that are given to the individuals who have monetary trouble in having a haven similar to his kindred kinsman. With around $ 14,000 for each capita GDP (PPP), Mauritius as of now has a moderately high lodging quality. In the 2011 Housing review, it was noticed that around 89% of the structure stock in the nation were private structure (with 85% completely private). Of which, 77% were independent lodging units, 12% were semi isolates or condo types and 5% are blended private business. In Mauritius, generally the houses are self-developed by appointing little contractual workers to the activity, who exclusively depend on their experience and proprietors structure desires. For medium and enormous activities, greater contractual workers and development experts like designers and architects are utilized. The development of houses were 92% of solid dividers and rooftop, 3% solid dividers and iron sheet rooftops, and 5% were made out of wood and iron sheets. In spite of the fact that the human settlement designs in Mauritius is very scattered, as far as fundamental comforts, practically all (over 99%) of the houses were associated with country power matrix and water frameworks. 96% of all the lodging units had running water in the washrooms and had present day flush toilets offices. 8% had their waste gathered normally by district or other approved organizations. Practically all the lodging units in Mauritius are exclusive, 99% in 2011, among which just 12% were accounted for to be sold. A surprising low level of 0. 3% of lodging units was accounted for to be open lodging around the same time. As far as the residency pace of the lodging in 2011, 89% of the inhabitants were proprietor of the house they were living in, contrasted with 8% who were leasing or

Virtue Ethics free essay sample

Albanian’s have a custom where if a man submits a homicide the victim’s family can murder any of his male family members in backlash. On the off chance that a kid is naturally introduced to a family where his sibling/child was a killer he needs to remain in isolation; leaving appropriate training satisfactory human services. Would we be able to contend that Albanians are ‘morally off-base to have organized their general public in this way?’ and ‘are their qualities are second rate compared to our own? ’ Can we contend whether, deductively, one life is superior to another? Contends that human prosperity consistently depends of occasions on the planet and conditions of the human psyche †must be logical realities behind it Mistaking no answers by and by for no answers on a basic level is an extraordinary wellspring of disarray †e. g. 21 US states despite everything permit whipping in schools (greater part in the south) Morality ought to be viewed as a lacking part of science scientific networks hesitance to take remain on moral issues causes science to seem separated from the most significant inquiries of human life We should recognize that the scholarly territory really exists to accomplish a study of human thriving Hypothetical space called the ‘moral landscape’ †tops related to statures of potential prosperity valleys speak to the most profound conceivable anguish. We will compose a custom exposition test on Excellence Ethics or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Numerous individuals think an all inclusive origination of ethical quality requires us discovering moral rules that concede no special case on the off chance that it is genuinely off-base to lie, it should consistently not be right to lie. In the event that one can locate a solitary exemption, any idea of good truth must be deserted. Chess the sovereign (once in a while something worth being thankful for to lose your sovereign) Human information and human qualities can never again be kept separated David Hume †‘no portrayal of the manner in which the world is (realities) can reveal to us how we should act (ethical quality). G. E. Moore †any endeavor to find moral facts in the normal world was to submit a ‘naturalistic fallacy’

How To Get The Most Out Of Student Teaching

How To Get The Most Out Of Student Teaching TeacherVision Advisory Board Member, Jessica, shares advice for student teachers so you can get the most out of this experience and calm your nerves. We also include our favorite resources for new teachers. by Jessica Peresta You’ve completed all the requirements for becoming a teacher, except for student teaching.   When you started college, this looked like such a far away, and maybe at times, unreachable goal.   But, you did it and you’re ready.   Now, you’re feeling all the feelings: scared, excited, happy, nervous, and anxious.   You want to do a good job, and know that in the middle of your student teaching experience, you’ll completely take over teaching your cooperating teacher’s class. How can you get the most out of this amazing experience?   What should you expect?   Are there ways to learn from the teacher you’re paired up with without looking like a deer in the headlights?   This blog post will address all of those questions and so much more so you can have the absolute best student teaching experience that will set you up for success as you take on your own classroom in a few short months. You will find all of our resources for new teachers here. We hope they are helpful as they start your teaching journey.   Take Lots of Notes Obviously you won’t be walking around with your head in a notebook or your laptop all day, but you’ll definitely want to take lots of notes.   Even if you jot down things you learned that day at the end of the school day, that will help you tremendously with ideas moving forward.       Take notes about the way the classroom is set up, any classroom management strategies, assessment ideas, data tracking, lining the class up to leave the room, how to lesson plan, and so much more.   It’s amazing how much you think you know about teaching going into student teaching, but honestly you’ll learn the most about being a teacher just by getting in there and doing the work. Textbooks can teach you a whole lot as do all of the college classes you took, but when you student teach, you’re able to really apply that knowledge in a real classroom setting.   So, observe everything going on throughout the school day, and don’t forget to write it down in the process.   Ask All the Questions You may think that asking your cooperating teacher questions is going to bother him, but honestly, that’s what he’s there for. He would love to answer any question you have along the way, and I promise you, no question is a dumb question (just like you tell your students).   Obviously, you’ll want to wait until plan time, lunch break, or before or after school to ask any questions you have, but when it’s one of those times, ask away. Just like we talked about with taking lots of notes, ask lots of questions.   Then, take notes about the questions you ask too.     Remember Your Why Speaking of taking notes, you’ve taken so many notes in college you probably have binders and binders worth of notes.   While you go back through those notes, reflect on your why.   Why did you want to get a degree in teaching in the first place?     Start with your why and go from there.   Then, on those hard days where you feel like you have no idea what you’re doing, remember your why and keep going anyways.     Honestly, nothing worthwhile ever comes easy.   The same goes for teaching.   I’m going let you in on a little secret not very many others may tell you teaching is hard!   There will be days, yes even as a student teacher, where you feel like waving the white flag of surrender.   Take a deep breath, remember your why, and then keep moving forward like the teacher rockstar you are. These are our favorite reminders of why we teach.   Know Your Teaching Philosophy Remember that teaching philosophy they went over and over and over with you in college?   Yeah, it actually serves a purpose.   You’ll spend the first half of your student teaching experience observing and helping out a little bit. Then, you’ll slowly start to take over teaching responsibilities until you’re the one teaching full time.     I have yet another secret for you, your cooperating teacher wants you to be you. Yes, it’s true.   He don’t want you to do things exactly like him, because he realizes you’re your own person with your own teaching philosophy.   So, look back at your teaching philosophy and when you take over teaching responsibilities, apply it while you’re teaching the lessons, to your classroom management, and to every other aspect of your school day.   If you don’t have a teaching philosophy or want to do some revisions, the What’s Your TeacherVision Webinar and workbook will support you with step-by-step instructions for how to write your teaching vision.   Get Ready the Night Before At night, lay out your clothes for the next day, make your lunch, set the coffee pot, get your bag ready to go, and make sure your alarm clock is set.   As much as you can prepare the night before, the better.   Not every morning will feel rushed and hectic, but some mornings will.   Give yourself enough time in the morning to prepare your mind for the day ahead without having to rush through little things that could be done the night before. The TeacherVision advisory board shares their best tips and advice in What To Do Sunday To Feel Ready To Teach Monday. Self Care is Important Student teaching is exhausting and you’ll want to remember to still take care of yourself.   Remember that self care isn’t selfish.   You can’t pour from an empty cup and will be a much more effective teacher if you’re getting enough rest and taking care of yourself.   Self care doesn’t just mean eating healthy and exercising (although those things definitely matter too), but it also means giving yourself permission to relax.   Choose one night a week where you watch your favorite Netflix show or go get a pedicure.   Also, don’t forget about spending time with your friends.   Sometimes being able to talk out your feelings is the best.   Not to mention, some of these friends are probably student teaching or are in the teaching field, and you can bounce ideas off of them. You can find our self-care strategies for new teachers here.   Remember, you’re prepared and ready for this!   You are more than capable of not only being an outstanding student teacher, but also an incredible teacher.   What are your tips for getting the most out of student teaching? Share with us on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest. Jessica Peresta is passionate about providing other music teachers, especially those right out of college or new to teaching elementary music, with the music education resources, lesson plans, teacher training, and community you've been looking for. She believes your domestic life outside of school should be spent soaking up time with family and friends and your music teacher life while at school should not leave you feeling defeated, but should be a joyful, exciting, and rewarding experience. To find out more about Jessica and her passion, head to www.thedomesticmusician.com.

Minority Minorities And The Juvenile Justice System

Disproportionate Minority Contact Minority children are exposed to the juvenile justice system at a higher percentage than their white peers. Minority children are over represented at every level of the judicial process. Minority children are more likely to be charged, detained, and confined. The proportion of minorities increases as each level becomes more restrictive. Research also indicates that minority children receive harsher treatment than Caucasian children do. Minority children are more likely to be sentenced and confined for longer durations of time and less likely to be diverted to community based services, alternative sentences, or probation. As a criminal justice professional, entering into a juvenile correctional facility you cannot help but notice that the majority of the cellblocks consist of African American Males. Several questions come to mind. Are black males more prone to criminal behavior or does society have a negative cognitive schema when it pertains to minority youth, especially African Ame rican males? The term disproportionate minority contact (DMC) can be defined as the high over representation of minority children in the juvenile justice system, in correlation to their general population compared with Caucasian children. Minority populations include American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian, African American, Latino, and Pacific Islander. Issues related to DMC include unequal treatment of certain ethnic groups as compared with similarlyShow MoreRelatedSexual Minority Youth And Juvenile Justice System1920 Words   |  8 PagesIntro / Problem: Sexual Minority youth (SMY) involved with the Juvenile Justice System (JJS) have a culture that require sensitivity treatment . Many youth that identify as or question their sexuality have experience prejudice attitudes from the initial point of entry( arrest). Navigating through the JJS has been a harsh and unwarranted experience with many fearing their safety from other inmates and staff. Many staff lack the knowledge of the societal rea lities that SMY struggle with. In additionRead MoreDisproportionate Minority Contact739 Words   |  3 PagesDisproportionate Minority Contact Minority youth are disproportionately represented throughout juvenile justice systems in nearly every state in the nation. Disproportionate minority contact (DMC) in juvenile justice occurs when minority youth come into contact with the system at a higher rate than their white counterparts. African-Americans, Hispanics, Asians, Pacific Islanders and Native Americans comprise a combined one-third of the nations youth population. Yet they account for over two-thirdsRead MoreWorking As A Juvenile Supervision Officer For The Fort Bend County Juvenile Probation Department1350 Words   |  6 Pages Working as a Juvenile Supervision Officer for the Fort Bend County Juvenile Probation Department, I come in contact with a lot of juvenile offenders. What I have notice during my tenure is that the majority of the juveniles I see are minorities, African- American, Hispanic and Asian young men and women. According to The Sentencing Project, â€Å"In 2010, African Americans comprised 17 percent of all juveniles, but 31 percent of all arrests.† Do juveniles of color commit crimes and come in contact withRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System Is Not Reflective Of Their National Population1612 Words   |  7 Pagesare roughly 79,000 adolescents held at juvenile facilities all across the United States (Sickmund Puzzanchera, 2014). Of that population, Latino and African American youth represent the majority of those in confinement. This is a problem because the overrepresentation of minorities within the juvenile justice system is not reflective of their national population percenta ges. Nationally, Latino and African American youth only comprise 38% of the total juvenile population combined, while CaucasianRead MoreThe Justice System Processed Youth Minorities1323 Words   |  6 Pagesknew I wanted to study and evaluate the reasons why minorities are overrepresented and the way the justice system processed youth minorities in comparison to their white peers. Without any previous experiences with the juvenile justice system, it has been very easy to see that minorities are not treated the same way and that there is indeed, an over-representation of minorities in the system. I realized it when I spent a morning in the Juvenile Justice court as well as when I visited detention centersRead MoreImmigration Has Increased Through Out The Years And President Trump1139 Words   |  5 Pagescountries attempt to flee from. Thus, my interest in exploring more in depth the contact that Hispanic youth have with the Juvenile Justice system. Hockenberry and Puzzanchera (2016) based themselves on sample data reported to the National Juvenile Court Data Archive from more than 1,200 counties with jurisdiction over 75% of the U.S Hispanic youth population at risk of juvenile court involvement. The results for this sample are those caseloads that happened during 2013. Findings from this sample portrayRead MoreDisproportionate Minority Confinement ( Dmc ) Of Youth1422 Words   |  6 PagesDisproportionate minority confinement (DMC) of youth: An analysis of state and federal efforts to address the issue is a journal that discusses the effects of the deinstitutionalization of young offenders that are from an incarceration institutions that are for adults. It also examines the amount of money that is used to fund these institutions. In reading the journal, it gives the reader a different view toward methods that are used by the states and the outcomes that happen as a result. The programsRead MoreMinorities and Women in Criminal Justice1064 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many key issues impacting minorities and women in the criminal justice system . Sexism still exists in the United States. Sexism against women is shown in the media and indicates that sexism still pervades in our society. Another key issue is the overrepresentation and disparities among minorities in the criminal justice system. After the act of September 11, racial profiling and other acts of racial hate crimes suggests that racism occurs. Another key issue that indicates that racial disparitiesRead More85% More Times That Whites. They Are Only 14% Of The Drug1399 Words   |  6 Pagesusers in New York but they are 37% of those arrested for drug use. African americans are 2 to 11 times higher to be stopped and searched than whites (Fourteen Examples of Racism in Criminal Justice System). When it comes down to it all minorities have disadvantages when it comes to equality in our justice system? Religious discrimination against muslim americans is increasing at a rapid pace. Studies have shown that race plays a major factor in the severity of a punishment. For example Dylan RoofRead MoreBad Kids Race And The Transformation Of Juvenile Court1649 Words   |  7 PagesIn Bad Kids Race and the Transformation of Juvenile Court, Barry Feld provides a history as well as possible solutions to the problems that currently have a grapple hold on our juvenile justice system. Barry Feld is one of the nations most respected scholars of juvenile justice and currently teaches the subject, amongst other things, at the University of Minnesota. Feld himself graduated from law school at the University of Minnesota and later received his Ph.D. in sociology from Harvard. This book’s

Minimum Wage Is Not A Minor Issue - 1858 Words

Anam Jafri Mr. Morris AP English 3 15 January 2016 Minimum Wage Is Not a Minor Issue In America and countries around the world, we face a universal problem: poverty. Among many options, a widespread solution for this problem is the implementation of a minimum wage. Aside from the US, countries such as Luxembourg, Belgium, and Ireland all have set minimum wages(Petroff). Minimum wage was first established during the Great Depression when President John F.Kennedy was striving to help the economy and lift many Americans out of poverty(Day). At the time, the minimum wage was $0.25 an hour, which corresponds to about $3.98 an hour in today’s money(Minimum Wage). Since then, the minimum wage has steadily increased to today’s $7.25 an hour. With the fluctuating economy, people’s views and opinions on the subject have swayed every which way throughout the years, with minimum wages rising and falling over different cities, states and countries. The imminent truth is that people simply need more money, with around 60% of the population already in poverty (Dunkelberg). Often times, people are very liberal with this issue and suggest that America raise the minimum wage drastically to $15.00 an hour. The face of the proposition is a pretty one, suggesting that everyone gets more money, so how could one say no? While increasing the minimum wage has had some small benefits, especially from an employee’s perspective, the success of this idea proves to be a facade on the face of the futureShow MoreRelatedA Procative Approach To Improving Minor League Baseball Compensation995 Words   |  4 Pagesantitrust exemption, Minor League Baseball (â€Å"MiLB†) has continuously redefined and reshaped itself according to Baseball’s overall needs. But while MLB salaries have increased dramatically since the MLB reserve clause was broken in 1975, the salaries of minor league players have not followed suit. On February 7, 2014, a group of minor league players led by former minor leaguer Aaron Senne filed a class action complaint against MLB and three MLB clubs alleging violations of minimum wage and hour lawsRead MoreThe Debate Over Minimum Wage940 Words   |  4 Pages The debate on raising the minimum wage has been discussed in detail in Congress for the past eighteen months. But as of late, writer William Finnegan suggests, it is â€Å"among the many urgent issues that it [Congress] certainly won’t address.† Though this issue is important, Congress seems to be putting off making any real decision in regards to raising the minimum wage. The bill to raise minimum wage from $7.25 per hour to $10.10 and hour over a two year period had been thrown around for monthsRead MoreMinimum Wage Has Caused The Greatest Concern1287 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernment has tried to put a limit on a wage that they believe would best provide an individual with the bare necessities of life, unfortunately, with the modernizing of living standards it grows more complicated to set a price on minimum wages. In a society plagued by many complex issues the increasing of today’s $7.25 minimum wage has caused the greatest concern. Whether or not this increase will be beneficial has split economist into a 50/50 debate. Minimum wage affects so many people here in the UnitedRead MoreMinimum Wage : The United States Alone Essay1161 Words   |  5 PagesZachary Papadatos Mrs. Stockton English IV 6 November 2015 Minimum Wage In the United States alone, the amount of people in poverty is 14.5%. That equates to 45.3 million people in 2013. In a country like America, one of the world’s superpowers, it’s embarrassing to admit. But the main issue is to fix issues like these with the minimum wage and welfare. The minimum wage applies to workers who got a job whether because they were in school or because they had not gone to college and had noRead MoreThe Effects Of Minimum Wage On The Economy1391 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects Minimum Wage on the Economy The controversial topic about increasing minimum wage is debated countless times over the years. Minimum wage is the lowest wage an employer can pay an employee permitted by law. The contemporary federal minimum wage is $7.25. Minimum wage applies to all domestic workers but teenagers are the main receivers of minimum wage. Minimum wage has a major effect on the economy. The question is are the effects positive or negative. There are many arguments on whetherRead MoreSunday, July 24, 2016, Marks Seven Years Since The Last1539 Words   |  7 Pagesfederal minimum wage was raised (U.S. Department of Labor). Since raised, the cost of living has increased by nearly 12 percent. When President Obama called for an increase in 2013 19 states, have raised their minimum wage between $8.15 and $11.00. But is the hike beneficial to everyone? According to conventional economic analysis, increasing the minimum wage reduces employment in two ways. First, higher wages increase the cost to employers of producing goods and services. Second, a minimum wage increaseRead MoreMinimum Wage Laws And Labor Unions905 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1938, the Fair Labor Standards Act was created to establish a minimum federal wage to serve as a standard wage to reduce poverty and to secure economic growth is shared across the workforce. Today minimum wage is far below its historical levels and loses its value every year due to inflation. The minimum wage workforces are living close to poverty levels, and insist on the government raising the minimum wage. Sometimes the fight to raise the pay for workers goes unnoticed or unheard, so a laborRead MoreRaising the Minimum Wage, A Speech Outline Essay1465 Words   |  6 PagesRaising the minimum wage Introduction I. Attention Getter: Per capita, Idaho is ranked number one in the nation – Number one, when it comes to paying workers as little as possible. II. Topic Orientation: The U.S. Bureau of Labor estimates that 31,000 or 7.7 percent of all Idaho’s workers are paid the current national minimum wage of $7.25 an hour or less. (Maben) A. Idaho has the highest percentage of minimum-wage workers per capita of any state. (Maben) B. The overall povertyRead MoreMinimum Wage Should Be Legal1156 Words   |  5 PagesIn United States, we hear the government, businesses argued about minimum wage. Whether it should be raised or leave it the way it is. But, what exactly is minimum wages? Minimum wage is the least amount of money per hour that must be paid to a worker after surrounding a service according to the law. Many working class families’ lives depend on this minimum wages. There are few families who make less than $15000 a year who feed their families on this salary and still pay bills from it. Over the pastRead MoreChild Labor in Agriculture Essay943 Words   |  4 Pagesinjuries and health complications that could last a life time. However, the majority of this population that makes up the child laborers is from Latino. This paper seeks to demystify the issue of Child Labor in agriculture in the United States using information from a Human Rights Watch. The kind of rules that govern minors who work in agriculture have been found to be less strict when compared with those existing in other sectors of the economy. They unfortunately permit children to work at very young

Value Management And Value Engineering Study Report Free Essays

string(45) " are totally different and conflicting ones\." This Value Management and Value Engineering (VM/VE) Study Report summarizes the benefits of various proposals for a strategic level Value Management process followed by Value Engineering Study in order to obtain a better Value for Money (VFM) for any projects. This report is prepared specially for our Client M/s. SBEinnovations Ltd for the construction of the Mixed-Use Recreation and Commercial Centre Project. We will write a custom essay sample on Value Management And Value Engineering Study Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now Value Management and Value Engineering is a technique on any projects that can be delivered in the most economical way. Normally, Value Management processes are carried out before Value Engineering Study to determine how it can add value to the Client business by a delivery of a project which is carried out during the initial Client brief of a project. It is an integral part of any projects. Whereas Value Engineering is a technical study on a selected design for its technical viability and cost studies which is carried out during detailed design stage. United Project Management (UPM) believes that VM and VE have the greatest influence and impact at the strategy and design stage respectively. It requires reliable and appropriate cost data, design information, ideas, past experience and uses brain-storming workshops by our team of experts under the direction of the Project Manager. Value Management is a continuous process from inception to completion. The purpose of conducting the Value Management workshop is to set up an effective partnership agreement which should seek to achieve the scope and benefits of the project with respect of time, cost and quality. The benefits of Value Management contribute towards this project especially since the project is still in its early stages. Some of the concepts through which SBEinnovations Ltd can obtain value for money (VFM) are mentioned below; 1. Reduced Learning Curve 2. Improved communications and decision procedures 3. Improved quality and programming This report also includes a recommendation on Value Engineering Study conducted before the completed design stage and construction activities. Issues targeted during VE study include: 1. Design Optimization 2. Selection of Procurement Route 3. Cost, Quality and Time 4. Organizational Breakdown Structure (OBS) Study 5. Stakeholders Coordination 1. Introduction This report explains how Value Management and Value Engineering studies can contribute value to the Client before commencement of a project. The report summarises the key principles of Value Management and Value Engineering in the context of construction project of mixed-use recreation and commercial centre for SBEInnovations Ltd. This report is prepared for SBEinnovations Ltd on their request for proposals for a strategic level Value Management and Value Engineering studies. The aim of Value Management Study is to assess the project requirement in terms of functionally and efficiency of achieving the requirements. Prime consideration needs to be given to the importance of Time, Cost, Quality, Safety and Client’s satisfaction. The specific issues to be evaluated at the VM Study are divided into two categories. 1. Strategic Issues (which will be considered in Value Management) 2. Tactical Issues (which will be considered in Value Engineering) 3.1 Strategic Issues 1. The following are considered as project strategic issues: 1. Project Drivers 2. Project Type 3. Size and Location 4. Procurement 5. Initial Cost Estimate 6. Esteem 7. Politics 8. Organisational Management 9. Change Management 3.2 Tactical Issues The following are considered as project strategic issues: 1. Design 2. Structure of the Project Organisation 3. Detail of accessibility and planning procedure 4. Time and Quality: 5. Outline Specification 6. Coordination 2. Value Management Study This is the first process where carefully selected team members from various parties get together to discuss various aims, objectives, constraints and risk associated with the Project in order to formulate Client objective of the need of such project. Value management usually incorporates a series of workshops, interviews and reviews involving diversified teams members through whom the project requirements are evaluated against the means and methods of achieving them. VM process will be dependent on the procurement route selected for the project. VM and VE Studies are very important for successful delivery of any project. Failure to carry out these studies will cause problems at subsequent design and construction stages causing cost overruns, project delays, claims etc. Value Management can help to avoid or minimize these problems. At the outset of a project, Value Management provides an exceptionally powerful way of exploring the client’s needs in-depth by addressing inconsistencies and expressing these in a language that all parties, whether technically informed or new to the construction industry, can understand. The Value Management process works top-down, starting with needs and strategic goals and focusing on root causes, not symptoms. An early consensus is developed between the key stakeholders about the need for the project or service, the scope, deliverables, key functions and risks, in the context of the wider business objectives. Opportunities for innovation are explored and the most cost effective means of implementation developed, consistent with desired time and quality requirements. VM considers the whole project rather than components and the process are underpinned by consensus. A typical Value Management Study has the following characteristics: 1. A systematic, staged approach 2. Clear definition of objectives and scope at the outset – focus on the customer requirements 3. Consideration of the organizational environment – internal and external influences 4. Multi-disciplinary team effort – positive human dynamics 5. Function Analysis System Technique 6. A workshop format with a structured job plan that separates creativity from evaluation and development. 7. Effective use of methods and tools – independent facilitation 2.1 Early Application of Value Management and its benefits The design is still at the very early stage. The Client has not yet committed with any design teams for project design. The client aims to innovate with creativity and to enhance the health, wellbeing and quality of life of its citizens. It is very important to get a feedback of its citizens of the Client intentions for such a project, because the clients’ and the citizens’ aim and objectives are totally different and conflicting ones. You read "Value Management And Value Engineering Study Report" in category "Papers" Therefore it is recommended that Value Management study at such early stage is carried out involving the all parties who have interest on the projects so that later in the projects the problems and risk will be minimized to a greater extent. As such the following benefits can be expected by applying Value Management to this specific project. 1. It defines what both the client and the citizens of the local area mean by value, and provide the basis for making decisions, throughout the project, on the basis of value. It provides a means for optimising the balance between private developer and public sector local authority having different aims and objectives out of the project. 1. It provides the basis for clear briefs that reflect the client’s priorities and expectations, expressed in a language that all can understand. This improves communication between both stakeholders so that each of them can understand and respect other’s constraints and requirements. 1. It ensures that the project is the most cost-effective way of delivering the business benefits and provides a basis for refining the business case. It addresses both the monetary and the non-monetary benefits. 1. It supports good design through improved communications, mutual learning and enhanced team-working, leading to better technical solutions with enhanced performance and quality, where it matters. 1. It provides a way of measuring value, taking into account nonmonetary benefits and demonstrating that value for money has been achieved. Project Objectives: In a construction project objectives shall be clearly defined. In clearly defining the project objectives value management plays a vital role and it is the starting point of value management in a project. Client Function, Activities and Stakeholders: Value management plays crucial role in ascertaining the client functions, requirements, stakeholder needs, briefing, gathering information pertaining to the project. Project Size and Location: In deciding the project size and location both value management and value engineering will be applied as value management will focus on the location, political situation, environment and others will focus, whereas value engineering will focus on the type of foundation to be used is suitable for the soil conditions, floor area index on the area and other design issues. Budget: It is a crucial in a construction project and the main purpose of the value management is to gain the maximum value for the money and for that budget is important and also careful budgeting is crucial for the success of the project, here value management will be applied. Procurement Option: In deciding the contract for the project the best procurement option is to be chosen, it depends on the scope of the project, requirements, budget and other external factors. To choose the best procurement option value management and value engineering both plays a vita role. Design and built option value management plays a vital role, value engineer plays a vital role in other types of procurement options as designs are being verified in this option. Design Change and Variation: happens during the course of the project, value engineering plays a lead role. In the design changes and variations as the changes will have an impact on the original design to be checked? The proposed changes can be accommodated or not also to be checked, also the cost impact, constructability and other design related parameters to be verified. Organization Structure: Many discrepancies arise due to unorganized organization structure, due to that construction and project gets delayed. Value management is employed, during the initial stages itself giving the requirements for organization and key personnel and appropriate accounting provision will be given in the costing. All the above will be applied in value management. Quality Control, Health, Safety and Environmental Issues: are crucial in project success, here both value management and engineering will be applied as quality cannot be compromised and design team will clearly indicate the minimum quality requirements and also HSE issues cannot be compromised it is a combination of both the above. The following graph illustrates the potential cost savings possible against time when VM is applied in a project. It is clear the when VM is applied at the early stage of a project, the saving will be far less to adopt the changes proposed by the Value Management since the design is yet not commenced and hence it is easy to incorporate any kind of design change proposal due to VM process. Fig 1: Cost Impact of Making Changes Over Time 2.2 Development of Value Management within project scenario: UPM suggests the budget should be equally divided among the different elements of the project. Some suggestions provided by UPM are: 1. Sports Centre Proper design management should be applied for the construction of Seating/Scoring or/and Spectator Seating arrangements. 2. Culture recreational centre Public community should be comfortable with different recreational centres. Their satisfaction is the primary goal to be achieved. 3. Hotels Lighting is a large cost item. The impact it has on energy and guest experience influence to a great extent the operation and spacing cost. 4. Shopping malls Primary objective here is to obtain maximum customer satisfaction keeping returns in mind. Quality should be maintained throughout the lifecycle of the project. 5. Parking space The financial cost for parking space depends on three factors: Total number of parking space required, ‘opportunity cost’ of parking land and cost per parking land available. Careful planning and brainstorming helps to obtain maximum value for land. 6. Food court Proper economical and environmental friendly techniques could be arranged for waste disposal. 7. Cinema Multiplex Natural Ventilation could be installed thereby reducing the cost and power consumption. Value Management Team Selection and Value Management Workshop VM is undertaken as a series stakeholder workshops held at key stages during the development of the project. Value Management Team forms an important aspect in decision making process. It is a flexible, team-based activity, planned and directed by an independent VM facilitator and driven by consensus. Team selection for the Value Management workshop is very critical to success to ensure that the full range of influences are properly addressed by people with the right balance of knowledge, skills, experience and judgment. Where particular stakeholders are not able to take part, or it is not politic to involve them, specific team members should be tasked as champions of those stakeholder interests. As such, the team should include the following participants: 1. Project Sponsor The Project Sponsor is responsible for endorsement of the study objectives. They are responsible for monitoring outcomes, action plans, client’s vision, timeframe, values and constraints. 2. Value Management Coordinator Usually, a client representative may designate this post. Before the workshop is developed, a number of activities need to be decided upon: 1. Developing brief for Facilitator 2. Identifying the Scope of Work 3. Engaging the Facilitator 4. Organizing the schedule for the workshop 5. Date and Venue confirmation 6. Arrangement of objectives of study 7. Selection and invitation of participants 8. Preparation of agenda These roles and the corresponding tasks may vary depending on nature of Value Management topic, the organizations involved and the scale to which Value Management activities undertaken by the parties. 3. Value Management Facilitator He initiates their evaluation at the beginning of the pre-workshop process, helping the client towards clearly defining the aim, assumptions and viewpoints of each stakeholder. The facilitator should specialise in assisting the process by providing support and advice to the sponsor. During Pre-workshop stage, the facilitator focus should be more towards process than content. The facilitator manages time, determines appropriate progress, manages the group, promotes collaboration within the group, and seeks agreement or a method of understanding between teammates at key stages. However, the facilitator should maintain client confidentiality and ensure every member contributes equally to the achievement of value. 4. Project Manager The Project Manager should be included within the workshop because he/she acts as a reference and as a team catalyst for continued action. 5. Stakeholders They should be included in the team as they give a clear cut idea about the objectives, needs and constraints. 6. Technical Experts SBEinnovations Ltd. members who have specialist skills in a particular area are to attend the workshop. Their responsibilities include providing advice and suggestions in the specialist area for which they are invited. 7. Relevant compliance agency Value Management briefing papers should be forwarded to relevant compliance agencies so that they can be affirmed that the steps followed are as per ‘Practice Guidance’. Though, it is not compulsory that their presence should be essential at the workshop. Value Management Workshop and Agenda Following are the three components of a VM Workshop: 1. Job Plan 2. Functions and Functionality 3. Multi-Disciplinary Team The VM Job plan of the workshop will have the following 5 phases 1. Information Phase 2. Creativity Phase 3. Evaluation Phase 4. Development Phase 5. Presentation and Reporting Phase All of the above phases will be covered in 3 weeks workshop as described below. TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES USED IN VM STUDY There are number of tools and techniques which can be used in VM study. However, the following are recommended by UPM. 1. Function Analysis System Technique (FAST) Diagram: It is a graphical representation of logical relationship of functions that need to be performed and how they are linked together into HOW-WHY logical connections to deliver the project. HOW and WHY questions are asked to develop the logic of a function. While defining any function, we ask HOW that particular function can contribute towards developing a more standardized and specific approach. This method of questioning and thinking is referred and summarized from left to right. To solve the problem to a higher level, we ask WHY that particular function is performed. This process of logic is read from right to left. 1. Risk Analysis Risk analysis is a financial tool used to identify risks that can potentially affect the project. The analysis looks at the costs involved, time constraints and other variables that may negatively affect the outcome. As a tool, risk analysis helps managers make decisions and find alternatives. 1. SWOT Analysis SWOT is an acronym that stands for â€Å"strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats,† which is precisely what the SWOT analysis aims to identify. The SWOT helps management see the company’s strengths and weaknesses on paper as well as the potential opportunities and threats looming in the industry. Management can then find ways to maximize the company’s strengths in order to capitalize on opportunities while minimizing potential threats and weaknesses. 6. VALUE ENGINEERING STUDY Value Engineering is a subset of Value Management. Once the Client is decided on the project, then before the detailed design will commence, the Value Engineering study will be carried out. 6.1 Recommended timing for VALUE ENGINEERING study: In order to expect the greatest return from this project, SBEinnovations Ltd. is suggested to include value engineering exercise during the early design stage and before 60% of the design commitment is reached. Value Engineering workshop should be carried out during the schematic design stage and the detailed design stage. If the Value Engineering occurs later it probably will be seen as a cost cutting exercise but it will be undertaken under a hostile climate that will prevent SBEinnovations from achieving the desired requirements and objectives of  £9M. 6.2 Recommended VE Team The number of participants should be a minimum of five and a maximum of ten. Although more members could participate, we recommend that a larger group may cause difficulties in one-to-one communication. Participants should involve: 1. Project Managers from SBEinnovations Ltd.: These Project Managers help to define the procurement routes and contract administration in the most effective way by putting to use their skills earned by experience. 2. Architects, Quantity Surveyors and Structural Engineers: While conducting brainstorm sections, Comments and views from Engineers, Architects and Quantity Surveyors are valid for active participation. 3. Value Engineering Facilitator: The facilitator should be someone apart from the project manager, the chief design engineer, or the client. The VE facilitator will guide the discussion to confirm and approve, but not to criticize the project approaches and details. 6.3 Value Engineering Workshops VE workshops are concerned with the detailed technical appraisal of alternative solutions proposed by the project team to meet the client’s requirements. Duration for VE workshop will be normally longer than that of VM Workshop. One of the following approaches could be used by SBEinnovations Ltd towards achieving a successful Workshop session: 1. Mini Workshops: A value engineer should join the design team at the briefing stage and be promoted as the facilitator throughout the project. Two mini-workshops should be organized following the job plan format and then reviewed at about 20% and 40% design completion. 2. The two-day workshop: All members of the team focus on issues in an intense and focused way. 6.4 Elements of the Scheme for VE study: Design Optimization As long as the bid documents and the process to detail design are open enough to allow for adjustment of the design, then a buildable design will rise. Design ideas for mixed use commercial and recreational centre should be developed during Value Engineering workshops keeping in mind the constructability and purpose for which it serves. This should include health, safety and security of the local community. Procurement Route The suitable Procurement route should be studied identified and applied by SBEinnovations Ltd. taking into consideration the pros and cons of that particular procurement route and its benefits to the client and the employer. Quality, Time and Cost Maximum return can only be achieved through proper quality, time and cost management. Value Engineering study team should be keen to attain maximum Value for Money (VFM) by proper planning and scheduling of works to ensure cost lies within  £ 9M within the stipulated time frame. Organizational Breakdown Structure (OBS) Study OBS review would be done during the VE workshop which helps to identify roles and responsibilities. Stakeholders Coordination Coordination should be justified during VE studies so as to dissolve any interference between Stakeholders. Part 2 – Risk Management Essay Risk Management in Infrastructure Projects Introduction All large projects face risks. Project risk is an activity, event or action which tends to cause a negative impact on the planned goals of project scope, quality, performance, execution time or cost. Inevitably, risks and uncertainties are substantially inherent in infrastructure projects. Problematically, many infrastructure projects could not have achieved project goals satisfactorily. Therefore, it is very important for the identification and treatment of these project risks. Project risks always contribute to the poor performance leading to cost and time over run. Their major reason is the occurrence of external and internal project risks and uncertainties throughout project stages from planning, bidding, contracting to construction. This essay intends to provide a useful insight into the inherent risk into infrastructure projects, and will discuss about the management of these risks. The essay will also enable the reader to understand and application of the key concepts and techniques used in management of risk in infrastructure projects. For the purpose of this essay, Railway Projects in the MENA region is considered. History has shown that railways have always been central to any country’s growth ambitions. Thus it comes as no surprise that the GCC countries have embraced railway networks as their best hope for expanding and consolidating future economic growth. By providing a low cost alternative to shipping and air, the GCC member states allow for increased trade and thus further economic prosperity. As a result of this increased focus, it’s no surprise to find that railway networks account for nine of the ten biggest infrastructure projects in the Middle East. With ambitious plans to produce a GCC wide network within the next decade, the countries are working to develop their own interior networks in preparation. The following Table shows a list of top 10 infrastructure projects (ongoing and planned) in the MENA area. How to cite Value Management And Value Engineering Study Report, Papers

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